When faced with a serious criminal charge, it's almost always important to have an experienced lawyer on your side.
Defendants faced with the possibility of going to jail or prison should almost always hire an attorney, unless they qualify for the free or reduced-fee services of a public defender or court-appointed attorney. The truth is, no matter what the person's intelligence or educational background, the criminal justice system makes it virtually impossible to do a competent job of representing oneself. Each criminal case is unique, and only a specialist who is experienced in assessing the particulars of a case -- and in dealing with the many variables present in every criminal case -- can provide the type of representation that every criminal defendant needs to receive if justice is to be done.
Criminal defense lawyers do much more than simply question witnesses in court. For example, defense lawyers:
* negotiate "deals" with prosecutors, often arranging for reduced charges and lesser sentencing (by contrast, prosecutors may be uncooperative with self-represented defendants)
* formulate sentencing programs tailored to a client's specific needs, often helping defendants avoid future brushes with the criminal justice system
* help defendants cope with the feelings of fear, embarrassment and reduced self-esteem that criminal charges tend to produce in many people
* provide defendants with a reality check -- a knowledgeable, objective perspective on their situation and what is likely to happen should their cases go to trial. This perspective is vital for defendants trying to decide whether to accept a prosecutor's offered "plea bargain"
* are familiar with important legal rules that people representing themselves would find almost impossible to locate on their own, because many criminal law rules are hidden away in court interpretations of federal and state constitutions (for example, understanding what may constitute an "unreasonable search and seizure" often requires familiarity with a vast array of state and federal appellate court opinions)
* are familiar with local court customs and procedures that aren't written down anywhere (for example, a defense lawyer may know which prosecutor has the "real" authority to settle a case, and what kinds of arguments are likely to appeal to that prosecutor)
* understand the possible "hidden costs" of pleading guilty which a self-represented person might never think about
* spend time on a case that a defendant cannot afford to spend
* gather information from prosecution witnesses, who often fear people accused of crimes and therefore refuse to speak to people representing themselves, and
* hire and manage investigators, who may be able to believably impeach (contradict) prosecution witnesses who embellish or change their stories at trial.
The Gulf Between Paper and Practice
Self-representation is made more difficult by the typical gulf between paper and practice in criminal cases. In books you can find laws that define crimes, fix punishments for their violation and mandate courtroom procedures. Take the time and trouble to read these books, defendants might think, and they'll understand the system. Alas, the practice of criminal law can't be understood by reading books alone. To experienced criminal defense attorneys, the criminal law appears much the same as a droplet of water appears to a biologist under a microscope -- a teeming world with life forms and molecules interacting unpredictably.
For example, "prosecutorial discretion" -- the power of prosecutors to decide whether to file criminal charges, and what charges to file -- determines much of what actually happens in the criminal courts. Which prosecutor has the power to make decisions, and when those decisions are made, can greatly affect the outcome of a case. An act that looks on paper to constitute one specific crime can be recast as a variety of other crimes, some more and others less serious. What in a statute book appears to be a fixed sentence for a particular crime can be negotiated into a variety of alternatives. In other words, the world of criminal law is vast, hidden and shifting, and defendants enter it alone at their peril. At the very least, most self-represented defendants should arrange for a lawyer to be a "legal coach" and consult with their coaches as needed.
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